•     ◎ Symptoms: Respiratory distress (gasping, coughing), greenish diarrhea, nervous signs (twisting neck), sudden death.

•     ◎ Control: Vaccination (live and inactivated vaccines), strict biosecurity.

•     ◎  Symptoms: Swollen face, purple combs/wattles, sudden death, drop in egg production.

•     ◎  Control: Culling infected flocks, movement restrictions, vaccination (in some countries).

◎ Pathogen: Gallid herpesvirus 2.

•     ◎ Symptoms: Paralysis (one leg stretched forward), tumors in liver/spleen, blindness (gray eye).

•     ◎ Control: Vaccination (hatchery-administered).

◎ Pathogen: Pasteurella multocida.

•     ◎ Symptoms: Sudden death, green diarrhea, swollen wattles, lameness (chronic form).

•     ◎ Treatment: Antibiotics (e.g., sulfonamides, enrofloxacin).

◎ Pathogen: Salmonella Pullorum/Gallinarum.

•     ◎ Symptoms: White diarrhea (pullorum), high mortality (typhoid), swollen liver/spleen.

•     ◎ Control: Culling carriers, antibiotic treatment (fluoroquinolones).

◎Pathogen: Escherichia coli.

•     ◎Symptoms: Omphalitis (navel infection), airsacculitis, septicemia.

•     ◎Treatment: Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin, colistin).

◎ Pathogen: Eimeria spp. (intestinal protozoa).

•     ◎ Symptoms: Bloody diarrhea, weight loss, pale combs.

•     ◎ Control: Coccidiostats (e.g., amprolium), vaccines.

◎ Symptoms: Weight loss, diarrhea, reduced egg production.

•     ◎ Treatment: Deworming (e.g., levamisole, fenbendazole).

◎ Symptoms: Feather loss, itching, anemia (severe infestations).

•     ◎ Control: Insecticides (e.g., permethrin, ivermectin).

◎ Pathogen: Histomonas meleagridis.

•     ◎ Symptoms: Yellow diarrhea, darkening of head (in turkeys), liver lesions.

◎ Pathogen: Aspergillus fumigatus.

•     ◎ Symptoms: Gasping, lung nodules (moldy feed/litter exposure).

◎ Cause: Contaminated feed (corn, peanuts).

•     ◎ Symptoms: Liver damage, reduced immunity, poor growth.

◎ Cause: High-energy diets (common in layers).

•     ◎ Symptoms: Sudden death, fatty liver, blood clots.

◎ Symptoms: Weak bones, leg deformities, soft beaks.

◎ Symptoms: Wry neck (stargazing), paralysis.

◎ Cause: Fast growth, poor ventilation.

•     ◎ Symptoms: Fluid in abdomen, labored breathing.

•     ◎  Symptoms: Sneezing, nasal discharge, drop in egg production (misshapen eggs), kidney damage in some strains.

•     ◎  Control: Vaccination (live and killed vaccines).

◎ Pathogen: Birnavirus.

•     ◎ Symptoms: Diarrhea, trembling, swollen bursa of Fabricius, immunosuppression.

•     ◎ Control: Vaccination (maternal and live vaccines).

◎Pathogen: Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

•     ◎Symptoms: Coughing, nasal discharge, frothy eyes, slow growth.

•     ◎Control: Antibiotics (tylosin, doxycycline), vaccination.

◎Pathogen: Riemerella anatipestifer.

•     ◎Symptoms: Sinus swelling, nervous signs, sudden death in ducks (also affects chickens).