◎ Symptoms: Blisters in mouth and hooves,  lameness，drooling.

◎ Control: Mandatory vaccination, culling of infected animals.

◎  Symptoms: Skin lesions, fever, respiratory signs

◎  Control: Vaccination

◎ Pathogen: PPR virus.

◎ Symptoms: High fever, diarrhea, oral ulcers.

◎ Control: Emergency vaccination.

◎ Pathogen: Fasciola hepatica.

◎ Symptoms: Weight loss, anemia, bottle jaw.

◎ Treatment: Triclabendazole.

◎ Pathogen: Moniezia spp.

◎ Symptoms: Emaciation, visible proglottids in feces.

◎ Treatment: Praziquantel.

◎ Pathogen: Sarcoptes/Psoroptes mites.

◎ Symptoms: Intense itching, hair loss, skin thickening.

◎ Treatment: Ivermectin.

◎ Pathogen: Overeating

◎ Symptoms:Distended left abdomen, ceased rumination.

◎ Treatment: Laxatives, rumen massage.

◎ Includes: Babesiosis (hemoglobinuria), Theileriosis (lymph node swelling).

◎ Control: Tick control (e.g., pyrethroid dips) + imidocarb treatment.

◎ Common parasites: Haemonchus contortus (anemia), Ostertagia ostertagi (diarrhea).

◎ Treatment: Ivermectin, albendazole.

◎ Symptoms: Subcutaneous nodules on the back (larval infestation), reduced leather quality.

◎ Treatment: Organophosphate sprays.

◎ Cause: Negative energy balance (common in high-yielding dairy cows).

◎ Symptoms: Weight loss, acetone odor in breath/urine, neurological signs (circling, licking walls).

◎ Treatment: IV glucose + oral propylene glycol.

◎ Cause: Sudden drop in blood calcium around calving.

◎ Symptoms: Paralysis, loss of consciousness, low body temperature.

◎ Treatment: IV calcium (e.g., calcium borogluconate).

◎ Cause: Excessive grain intake.

◎ Symptoms: Bloat, diarrhea (foul-smelling), laminitis.

◎ Common pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., E. coli.

◎ Symptoms: Udder swelling, abnormal milk (clots or pus/blood).

◎ Control: Proper milking procedures + teat dipping.

◎ Causes: Nutrition，wet environments， or bacterial infections.

◎ Symptoms: Lameness, cracked hooves, pus formation.

◎ Causes: Ingestion of sharp objects (e.g., wires) puncturing the reticulum and pericardium.

◎ Symptoms: Chronic indigestion, pericardial friction sounds.

◎  Symptoms: Late-term abortion, arthri

◎  Control: Vaccination